The Role of Beliefs and Behavior on Facebook: A Semiotic Approach to Algorithms, Fake News, and Transmedia Journalism

Authors

  • Priscila Monteiro Borges University of Brasilia
  • Renira Rampazzo Gambarato Senior Lecturer in Media and Communication Studies Jönköping University School of Education and Communication

Keywords:

algorithms, Facebook, fake news, fixation of beliefs, Peircean semiotics, transmedia journalism

Abstract

This article discusses, from a Peircean semiotic perspective, (1) the logic of algorithms employed by Facebook to foster audience engagement as it relates to the spreadability of fake news in the context of transmedia journalism, and (2) how our own methods of fixation of beliefs influence this process. The methodological approach encompasses a qualitative conceptual study of Peircean semiotics, focusing on concepts such as truth, reality, representation, fixation of beliefs, and collateral experiences, as a proposition to investigate the relationship between algorithms, fake news, and transmedia journalism. The research findings point to the fact that social media networks such as Facebook have their share of responsibility in the current fake news furor, but audiences are also involved in this issue as their behavior and beliefs play an important role in feeding Facebook’s algorithms.

Author Biographies

Priscila Monteiro Borges, University of Brasilia

Priscila Borges has a PhD and a Master in Communication Studies and Semiotics at Catholic University of São Paulo (2010). She is Assistant Professor in the Department of Audiovisual and Advertising, Faculty of Communication at University of Brasilia, Brazil, researcher and executive director of the International Center for Peirce Studies at the Catholic University of São Paulo, Vice-Secretary General of the International Association for Semiotic Studies - IASS/AIS, and board member of the Semiotic Society of America - SSA. Her research interests include Peirce’s philosophy, semiotics, visual models and language, diagrams and semiotics of the media.

Renira Rampazzo Gambarato, Senior Lecturer in Media and Communication Studies Jönköping University School of Education and Communication

Renira Rampazzo Gambarato is Senior Lecturer in Media and Communication Studies at Jönköping University School of Education and Communication, in Sweden. Her Post-doctorate in Film Studies is from Concordia University, Canada and she holds a PhD in Communication and Semiotics from Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo, Brazil; a MA in Communication and Semiotics also from Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo and a BA in Industrial Design from São Paulo State University, Brazil. She is co-editor of the books Exploring Transmedia Journalism in the Digital Age (together with Geane Alzamora, IGI Global, 2018), The Routledge Companion to Transmedia Studies (together with Matthew Freeman, Routledge, 2018) and of Kulturdialoge Brasilien-Deutschland–Design, Film, Literatur, Medien [Cultural Dialogue Brazil-Germany–Design, Film, Literature, Media] (together with Geane Alzamora and Simone Malaguti, Verlag Walter Frey, 2008).

Downloads

Published

2019-01-29

Issue

Vol. 13 (2019)

Section

Articles

License

The International Journal of Communication is an academic journal. As such, it is dedicated to the open exchange of information. For this reason, IJoC is freely available to individuals and institutions. Copies of this journal or articles in this journal may be distributed for research or educational purposes free of charge and without permission. However, commercial use of the IJoC website or the articles contained herein is expressly prohibited without the written consent of the editor. Authors who publish in The International Journal of Communication will release their articles under the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives (by-nc-nd) license. This license allows anyone to copy and distribute the article for non-commercial purposes provided that appropriate attribution is given. For details of the rights authors grants users of their work, see the "human-readable summary" of the license, with a link to the full license. (Note that "you" refers to a user, not an author, in the summary.) This journal utilizes the LOCKSSsystem to create a distributed archiving system among participating libraries and permits those libraries to create permanent archives of the journal for purposes of preservation and restoration. The publisher perpetually authorizes participants in the LOCKSS system to archive and restore our publication through the LOCKSS System for the benefit of all LOCKSS System participants. Specifically participating libraries may:
  • Collect and preserve currently accessible materials;
  • Use material consistent with original license terms;
  • Provide copies to other LOCKSS appliances for purposes of audit and repair.
 

Fair Use

The U.S. Copyright Act of 1976 specifies, in Section 107, the terms of the Fair Use exception: Notwithstanding the provisions of sections 106 and 106A, the fair use of a copyrighted work, including such use by reproduction in copies or phonorecords or by any other means specified by that section, for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright. In determining whether the use made of a work in any particular case is a fair use the factors to be considered shall include:
  1. the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes;
  2. the nature of the copyrighted work;
  3. the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; &
  4. the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work.

The fact that a work is unpublished shall not itself bar a finding of fair use if such finding is made upon consideration of all the above factors. In accord with these provisions, the International Journal of Communication believes in the vigorous assertion and defense of Fair Use by scholars engaged in academic research, teaching and non-commercial publishing. Thus, we view the inclusion of “quotations” from existing print, visual, audio and audio-visual texts to be appropriate examples of Fair Use, as are reproductions of visual images for the purpose of scholarly analysis. We encourage authors to obtain appropriate permissions to use materials originally produced by others, but do not require such permissions as long as the usage of such materials falls within the boundaries of Fair Use.

The International Journal of Communication encourages authors to employ fair use in their scholarly publishing wherever appropriate. Fair use is the right to use unlicensed copyrighted material (whether it is text, images, audio-visual, or other) in your own work, in some circumstances. We consult the Code of Best Practices in Fair Use for Scholarly Research in Communication, created by the International Communication Association and endorsed by the National Communication Association, and you should too. If you have any questions about whether fair use applies to your uses of copyrighted material (whether it is text, images, audio-visual, or other) in your scholarship, simply include your rationale, grounded in the Best Practices, as a supplementary document with your submission.